What gases in the atmosphere trap heat?
Some gases trap heat
while others don’t.
Let’s find out how and why.
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Atmospheric Gases

Nitrogen
N2
Concentration
78.1% of Earth's atmosphere (780,840 parts per million)
Absorption Spectrum
360-420nm

Oxygen
O2
Concentration
20.9% of Earth's atmosphere (209,460 parts per million)
Absorption Spectrum
700nm

Carbon Dioxide
CO2
Concentration
0.042% of Earth's atmosphere (420 parts per million)
Absorption Spectrum
1400-2500nm

Methane
CH4

Concentration
0.000192% of Earth's atmosphere (1.92 parts per million)
Absorption Spectrum
2470-3700nm

Water Vapor
H2O
Concentration
0-4% of Earth's atmosphere (0-40,000 parts per million)
Absorption Spectrum
900/1100/1300-1400/1750-1900nm
Look up into the sky. You are looking at the atmosphere.
Let's take a closer look at the gases that make up the atmosphere and observe how they behave.
Choose a gas to begin.
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Results - N2
Nitrogen does NOT trap heat
Nitrogen does not absorb infrared waves and store them as energy. It therefore doesn’t contribute to the greenhouse effect.
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Results - O2
Oxygen does NOT trap heat!
Oxygen does not absorb infrared waves and store them as energy. It therefore doesn’t contribute to the greenhouse effect.
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Results - CO2
Carbon dioxide does trap heat
Carbon dioxide absorbs infrared waves and stores them as energy. The carbon dioxide becomes excited and vibrates. Then, it transfers that energy to nearby molecules in the atmosphere and earth through radiation.
A heated CO2 molecule can exist in the atmosphere for 100-200 years.
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Results - Methane
Methane does trap heat!
Methane is a powerful heat-trapping gas. Methane molecules absorb infrared radiation, causing their molecular bonds to vibrate. The excited methane molecules eventually re-radiate heat in all directions, including back toward Earth's surface, which further warms the planet.
Methane is about 28–80 times more effective at trapping heat than CO₂. A heated methane molecule stays in the atmosphere for about a decade.
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Results - H2O
Water vapor does trap heat!
Water vapor absorbs infrared radiation and eventually re-emits this energy in all directions, including back toward the Earth's surface. This process retains heat within the atmosphere, contributing to warming.
Unlike CO2 or methane, water vapor cycles out quickly via precipitation.